History and Treatment Recommendations of a Substance Abusing Individual Essay

Chemical Use Assessment/History and Treatment Recommendations Upon careful review of Jay W’s case study, a client who is potentially suffering from a substance abuse disorder, it is deemed necessary to examine his history, compose a chemical use assessment, and devise a recommended treatment plan that will determine his clinical needs. Upon assessing the client, it is vital that he be examined holistically for better recovery results. Considering his spiritual, genetic, and psychosocial conditions will help to ensure a more accurate analysis of his current situation. Only then can it be determined if Jay W is in use, abuse, or an addictive cycle. Reason for Assessment During the case study of Jay W. it is noted that he was referred to my office by his parents for a clinical assessment. Once a commendable student with excellent grades, his grades began to dwindle after reaching college. He eventually failed his first year of college as a result of his poor grades. Jay’s parents Don W. who is a neurosurgeon and his mother Beth W. who is a research scientist, is seeking help for their son because they are concerned that his heavy drinking is the cause of his flunking. They believe that if he does not get help, it could very well damage his future goals of becoming a chemical engineer. Sources of Information During the verbal intake of Jay W.’s case, his father Don W. and his mother Beth W. were present along with Jay W., to provide all of the details of his need for assessment. Secondary sources that has been carefully reviewed and used in making a determination includes, Doweiko, H. E. (2012). Concepts of chemical dependency (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. May, G. G. (1991). Addiction & grace: Love and spirituality in the healing of addictions. New York: HarperOne, Clinton, T., & Hawkins, R. (2009). The quick-reference  guide to biblical counseling: Personal and emotional issues. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. Hawkins, R. (2009). Theology and Addiction www.libertyuniversity.edu, Clinton, T. (2009). Addiction and Recovery www.libertyuniversity.edu. Background Information Jay W. was born May 2, 1994, to Don and Beth W. The pregnancy was reportedly normal with no complications to the labor and delivery. Jay W. met all his developmental milestones early and was described as an advanced baby. Jay reportedly excelled in school with needing very little effort to maintain a straight-A report card, even in the gifted and talented program. The current school year, he flunked out of his first year in college. His parents are concerned about his drinking and how it appears to be interfering with his aspirations of being a chemical engineer. He states that he does not believe his drinking is the issue with his grades in college. Instead he assumes that boredom is the sole reason that his grades are failing. He also adds that his professors do not really know as much as they think they do. He even admits sometimes he just does not feel like going to class because it is â€Å"dumb.† As stated by his parents, Jay began drinking at the age of 12 years old. He totaled his first vehicle two weeks after his sixteenth birthday. Jay lost his driver’s license at that time and was charged with a DUI. Shortly after, Jay and both of his parents began attending AA together, but Jay dropped out after 3 months. Jay states he stopped going because, â€Å"all they talk about is war stories.† Jay does admit to blackouts, drinking more than he intends to, and does seem to recognize that many of his friends have similar drinking patterns as he. He also reports a recent break up with his girlfriend of 2 years. He states he truly loves this girl, but she broke up with him because â€Å"she doesn’t like my friends.† He reports spending an average of $75 a week on beer, and his money does not always last until the end of the month. He attributes that to his parents not giving him enough money. He states they only give him $1,000 a month. Jay states he is willing to come to counseling but does not think he has a drinking problem, but he would like to figure out how to â€Å"win† his girlfriend back. Current Status Out of reluctance, Jay has decided to proceed with obtaining clinical treatment. He realizes that if he doesn’t, his parents will no longer fund his college tuition. He also admits to currently drinking at least a 12 pack of beer on the weekends. He qualifies his actions by mentioning that his friends assists him with drinking the beer. He also does admit that his weekends sometimes start on Thursdays and don’t end until Mondays. He states that he does not believe his drinking is the issue with his grades in college. He states he just gets bored in classes and his professors do not really know as much as they think they do. He states sometimes he just does not feel like going to class because it is â€Å"dumb.† Jay does admit to blackouts, drinking more than he intends to, and does seem to recognize that many of his friends have similar drinking patterns as he. Indicators of Use/Abuse/Dependency Addiction can manifest in the form of obsessive or compulsive behaviors. Overtime, over indulgence can cause a dependency to obtain more of the physical or chemical substance. Behaviors that can produce fear and/or excitement are factors that can lead to addictive behaviors (Doweiko, 2012). When there is an addiction, usually a manifestation of withdrawal symptoms will be evidenced when the source of addiction is absent. Abuse is usually evidenced when a substance is taken in disregard for directions or one’s well-being (Doweiko, 2012). Attitudes and Behavior After careful review of Jay W.’s objective data found in his case study, it is apparent that Mr. W is in denial about his drinking problem. He appears reluctant to obtain treatment and is nonchalant in his attitude and behavior. He admittingly says he stopped attending AA because, â€Å"all they talk about is war stories.† Upon further subjective analysis, it seems that my client views his drinking with an â€Å"everybody else is doing it mentality.† This is evidenced by his reference to drinking as a â€Å"typical teenage behavior† as well as his assertion that his parents overreacted to his suspended license because he has several friends who has lost theirs also as if it’s a â€Å"normal† thing to do. He also seems to be irresponsible for his actions and constantly shifts blame on others for his current problems. He blames his parents for not giving him enough money instead of focusing on  the fact that he is spending at least 75$ a week on beer. He also shifts the blame of his failing school on the inability of his professors to engage him cognitively and even claims that the classes are â€Å"dumb.† Jay W. appears saddened by the breakup with his girlfriend of 2 years and sincerely wants to â€Å"win† her back. As Dr. Clinton states in Addictions and Recovery â€Å"the tragedy of addiction is that is destroys, individuals, families, and friendships† (2009). Social Functioning Drinking appears to be a social activity for Jay W. he states that his friends assist him with drinking the 12 pack case of beer that he usually buys on the weekend. He also has mentioned that several of his friends have lost their licenses, implying that it is also a result of obtaining DUI’s. Jay goes even further by acknowledging the fact that many of his friends have similar drinking patterns as he does. Apparently his ex-girlfriend of two years had many complaints about the â€Å"bad† company that he was keeping. Jay doesn’t take heed and loses her through a breakup instead. According to Doweiko, the consumption of alcohol can interfere with one’s social relationships by making preexisting one’s worse (2012). This is due to an adverse effect on judgment which causes a lack of control of one’s behavior. Irritability, black outs, and lying are only a few of the manifestations of alcohol addiction. The Psychosocial Models of Substance Use D isorders is another type of model of addiction. It is believed to be closely linked to the medical model (Doweko, 2012). It is proposed that addictions are â€Å"learned behavior, poor psychosocial functioning, or the result of maladaptive thinking† (Doiewko, 2012, p. 345), all in which are manifestations of a biological dysfunction. Occupational Functioning Jay W., although obviously an intelligent guy (evidenced by his excellent grades in the gifted and talented program), has just flunked out of his first year of college. His future career goals are dwindling because of the negative choices that he is making. Booze and negative social relationships have become distractions that steered him off the path of success that he once embarked upon. A repetitive cycle of partying Thursday till Monday and trying to maintain normalcy (crashing is also an option) Tuesday and Wednesday is ongoing. It is possible that he is traveling down the road of  addiction. Those who are bound by abuse can live unfocused and disoriented lives. Over time, this can lead to divorce, job loss, and even the loss of child custody. Although drug abuse may be a one-time event, if one is not careful, the behavior can lead one down the path of addiction as in Jay’s case. It appears that he have a natural proclivity towards abuse and addiction because his father Don also had a drinking problem. Dr. Clinton tells us in the video presentation that some of the effects of addiction includes: â€Å"control problems, compulsiveness, narrowing focus, denial, tolerance and withdrawal† (Clinton, 2009). We see many of these components in Jay’s occupational functioning. Financial Aspects When examining Jay W’s financial condition, it is obvious that he is mismanaging his money. His parents was giving him a 1,000 monthly stipend, and he blew at least $75 per week of it on beer. His excessive spending habits have created a deficit towards necessary items. Instead of accepting responsibility for misappropriating funds, he blames his parents for not giving him enough money. Alcohol abuse often tends to cause make financial problems worse or either create new ones. Sadly, not only the abuser can suffer financially, but oftentimes his or her immediate family suffers as well. This usually occurs when monetary restrictions are placed on the abuser/addict to control his or her spending. This can force the abuser to start borrowing elsewhere, stealing and/or selling others belongings to obtain money so that the addicted habit can be sustained (Doweko, 2012). Familial Relationships The medical model of substance use disorders (SUD) have suggested that the dysfunction have occurred on either a cellular or molecular level and that one is biologically predisposed to alcoholism when he or she is exposed to certain environments (Doweko, 2012). Jay W. has been exposed to alcohol through his father Don who is a neurosurgeon. Jay perhaps saw how he was able to get drunk and yet go to work and carry on a seemingly normal life. Don was described by his wife Beth as a â€Å"functional alcoholic,† displaying heaving drinking patterns and binge drinking when he was not on call. Jay’s parents seems to be very supportive of him though. His father was willing to give up drinking and both he and his wife joined AA along with Jay. Even  when he dropped out after 3 months, they continued going to both AA and Al-Anon. It also appears that Jay W. has a genetic predisposition of alcohol abuse/addiction. Both Beth and Don have fathers that were alcoholics. Various gen es have been identified by researchers and believed to have an influence in predisposing individuals to substance use disorders. Jay W. familial relationship is starting to reveal the beginning stages of strain. He is claiming that they are overreacting and also accuses them of not giving them enough money. Often, family members of an alcohol abuser/addict report feelings of fear, shame, grief or other negative emotion when dealing with him or her (Doweiko, 2012). When the addict is confronted about their drinking behavior, conflict typically arises causing the familial relationship to be strained. Legal History Jay W is starting to have run in’s with the law. According to his parents, he totaled his vehicle two weeks after his 16th birthday. This incident caused the police to get involved. Jay inevitably was charged with a DUI and his driver’s license was revoked. His buddies seem to have frequent encounters with law enforcement. Jay has started to defend his and his friends’ behaviors and suggest that it’s typical. Jay is â€Å"destined to misunderstand the story [he] finds himself in† (Clinton & Hawkins, 2009) he has become irrational in his behaviors by accusing his parents of overreacting to his license being revoked. Health History Jay W. seems to have a pretty clean health history. Thus far, no incidents have been reported. When he was born on May 2, 1991 there were no complications to the labor and delivery. He was considered very advanced for his age due to the fact that he had met all his developmental milestones early. Alcoholism can cause both short-term and long-term problems. Some of the short-term manifestations includes diarrhea, poor coordination and judgment, insomnia, as well as stomach problems (Doweiko, 2012). Some of the long-term problems includes: liver problems, cirrhosis of the liver, mental disorders, malnutrition, impotence, among a host of others (Doweiko, 2012). Spiritual History The spiritual model of addiction assumes that addiction is derived from a sickness of one’s spirit that has possibly manifested in a physical manner. It is mankind’s way of searching for something to feel a void and escape pain and or discontentment that can often come with daily living (Doweiko, 2012). It is Jay’s first year in college. It’s possible that he wants to fit in and gain the approval of his peers instead of being a loner. Acceptance and the need to feel â€Å"cool† and included seems to have taken precedent over anything else. It’s how he gains his identity. He gets involved with the wrong group and starts being influenced by their deviant ways. Now, he’s saddened by the fact that his girlfriend has broken up with him. He has also just flunked out of his first year of college. All of these â€Å"rock-bottom† experiences can easily trigger the addiction cycle. It is characterized by: pain, hitting bottom, seeking rel ief, use or do, feeling good, crashing, cycles back to pain, and then tolerance. It is obvious that Jay W. is starting to undergo this cycle of addiction. Alcohol’s deceptive illusion of giving Jay control and euphoria keeps him on the wheel. Diagnostic Impressions From all that has been gleaned from Jay W’s case study, it is safe to say that he is â€Å"at risk† for developing a substance use disorder. He is clearly on his way of having a drinking problem. Although he is displaying early problem alcohol usage if he is not careful, he could very well develop an addictive disorder. While evaluating Jay W to get a better diagnostic impression, it is necessary that I use the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R) test on the client (Hawkins, 2009). This test is composed of three categories of assessment: 1.) interpersonal or affective defects; 2.) social deviance; and 3.) additional items such as unstable relationships, etc (Hawkins, 2009). The PCL-R Test will provide a better analysis of root causes of the client’s delinquent acts as well as to help identify prevailing risk factors. By identifying these risk factors, intervention strategies can be developed to counteract these risk factors. The following are a list of dynamic risk factors that has been identified and needs addressing: problem solving/impulsivity poor social/family relationships antisocial associates/attitudes alcohol & substance abuse Recommendations Based on the risk factors identified, the following recommendations have been made for Jay W.: Problem solving/impulsivity Habitually, Jay W. will be expected to attend group therapy where he will learn to think through decisions before moving impulsively. He will be given various scenarios in which he will have to explain how he should handle those situations appropriately. Role-playing will be a part of his therapy. For example, instead of not going to class because they are â€Å"boring,† he can try to get in more advanced classes if they are available. It could be that he’s bored because he is not being challenged enough. He will be expected to work through all possible options and their consequences before making a decision. Poor social/family relationships Since Jay W. ex-girlfriend seems to be a good influence on him, their relationship should be encouraged. A relationship coach will be provided to assist him with maintaining healthy relationships. Hopefully, if all goes well, he will do what it takes to â€Å"win† her back (hanging around more positive people). Antisocial associates/attitudes Jay W. will have access to a mentor who will confront his antisocial behaviors and attitudes and challenging him to participate in healthy functions and associating with positive people. The mentor will do habitual check-ins with the client and provide one on one time when needed to help him work through his feelings. Alcohol Abuse Frequent alcohol tests will be conducted on the client. If at any point alcohol is found in his system, he will be required to attend an alcohol rehabilitation program. According to Dr. Hawkins, recovery is an inside out issue requiring the Holy Spirit (Hawkins, 2009). In order for Jay W to function optimally, his â€Å"human will must act in concert with divine will.† (May, 1991, p.178). He needs to have a divine encounter with God so that he can know who he is through Christ. In Addiction and Grace it is stated that â€Å"the alignment of our will with God’s must happen at a heart level† (May, 1991, p.178). Jay must first admit that he has a problem and needs help. References Clinton, T. (2009). Addiction and Recovery www.libertyuniversity.edu. Clinton, T., & Hawkins, R. (2009). The quick-reference guide to biblical counseling: Personal and emotional issues. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. Doweiko, H. E. (2012). Concepts of chemical dependency (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Hawkins, R. (2009). Theology and Addiction www.libertyuniversity.edu May, G. G. (1991). Addiction & grace: Love and spirituality in the healing of addictions. New York: HarperOne,

Lather and Nothing Else (Short Story) by: Tellez Essay

Q: What is the possible message of Tellez’s story? Explain In the short story â€Å"Lather and Nothing Else†, the possible message of the story would be how our roles determine our actions. In society today the work we do, the responsibilities we have and the work or decisions we choose to do is what would determined our actions. In the short story theres two main facts proving that our roles do determine our actions. Firstly, when Captain Torres talks about killing the revolutionaries subject proves how he once killed those specific people because of his job and that is what he is known for: â€Å"some of them we brought back dead; others are still alive. but they’ll be all dead.† not one will escape; not a single one (Tellez 35)†. These comments proves and explains how Torres is really eager to kill everyone. This shows Torres’s role how he acts like a dictator and kill the revolutionaries. His action were chosen for him and that were to kill the revolutionaries. Secondly, the part when the barber talks to himself and convinces himself that he has to do his job no matter what: â€Å"I would gave to shave his beard just like any other, carefully, neatly, just as though he were a good customer, talking heed that not a single pore should emit a drop of blood (Tellez 36)†. This part shows how the barber’s role is to shave the beard without any choice, because that is his job and this is what he is known for. His actions is chosen for him too because of his profession. These situations shows our profession determines our actions, our decisions and our actions will determine our work. Whether it is a future that we would enjoy or a future we will not enjoy.

Being a Carpenter

The topic on which this paper will be is carpentry. This paper will include many facts of carpentry, and ways to become a carpenter. This paper will also inform how much the earnings are in your region/area. These writings will also include what a carpenter is and does. In addition, the paper includes the working conditions and hours of a carpenter. The focus will be on the career of a carpenter and the three ways to obtain necessary training. Being a carpenter entails several work activities. Some of the common work activities are controlling machines and processors. One of the things a carpenter also does is study blue prints. Another thing carpenters do is layout, measure, and cut wood. Carpenters do all of their work with their hands. Carpenters also repair and inspect damaged parts of buildings and structures. If you’re a carpenter you need to perform activities that use your whole body and your imagination. Carpenters also need to be able to teach others and estimate sizes. Polishing and finishing wood is also a skill carpenters should have (â€Å"Carpenters†). Therefore these are most of the things that a carpenter does. A carpenter faces very tough work conditions. Some of these working conditions include mostly working outdoors or indoors without air conditioning or heat. These working conditions are also very cramped and you are always exposed to chemical fumes and solvents. When you’re a carpenter you will also always be exposed to high places by climbing up ladders to roofs of houses which you’re fixing. Carpenters are exposed to loud noises which can be annoying and uncomfortable. If your measurements are not exact, someone may become injured. Carpenters may get back, arms, or leg problems due to repeating the same physical activity repeatedly. They also need to work more days and more hours in the summer when the weather is good. One bad thing about carpenters is that they usually need to work weekends in order to meet deadlines. You always need to work at several different job sites and it may be for several months (â€Å"Carpenters†). Even though these are very challenging working conditions it will pay off in the long run. A carpenter needs many skills and abilities. While being a carpenter you need to communicate by listening to others and asking questions. You must also be able to use math and science to solve a problem. You need to be very alert to notice when someone is doing something incorrectly and you need to be able to determine people’s strengths and weaknesses. Carpenters need to be able to estimate cost and time of a job (â€Å"Carpenters†). In conclusion, a person must possess these skills to be a carpenter. Wages of carpenter’s vary depending on several factors. Factors include the number of hours carpenters spend on the job. Carpenters can earn $48,550 to $78,710 in Hawaii with the median salary at $65,830. Across the rest of the United States carpenters can earn $30,410 To $53,580 yearly, with the median salary at $39,470 (â€Å"Carpenters†). Thus, these are all the benefits and wages which carpenters receive when working full time. There is much needed training to be a carpenter starting in high school is very important in preparation for the field of carpentry. Some courses to take in high school can be blueprint reading and carpentry. Some other classes include construction, drafting, and wood working. Wood working would be excellent because carpenters always work with wood as their job. Physical Education is also a very important class to take because you need to be in shape and be able to lift at least seventy pounds. Carpenters who want to start their own business should take some classes including the following entrepreneurship, accounting, and business. You must be at least seven-teen with a high school degree or G. E. D. and you must pass an industry test (â€Å"Carpenters†). Thus if you can complete this training you can be a carpenter. There are many colleges that offer courses to become a carpenter. Some of these colleges are; New England Institute of Technology, University of Hawaii: Honolulu Community College, and Hudson Valley Community College. These schools offer the programs to become a carpenter. The first college is named Hudson Valley Community College; which is located in Troy, New York. Troy is a small city of about 50,000 to 249,999 people in it. The entrance requirements are thirty-dollars for an application and a high school degree or equivalence. The tuition cost will differ since most schools are cheaper for residents of that state. The cost for in-state tuition is $3,978, and the tuition for an out-of-state student will be $10,778. The other costs to factor in though are books, supplies, and dorms. The books and supplies will come out to about $550 and an estimated $300 for personal expenses. Dormitories are also an additional $6,300. The director of admissions Mary Bauer can be contacted at the number (877)325-4822 or faxed at the number (518)629-4576 and the address of the school is 80 Vandenburgh Avenue Troy, NY 12180 (â€Å"Hudson Valley Community College†). This is one of the schools that can help someone become a carpenter. The next school is called New England Institute of Technology. This college is a regionally accredited co-ed two year technical college, which is located in New England. The only requirements are twenty-five dollars for an application, a high school degree or equivalence, and an interview. The tuition fee is $18,815 for in and out-of-state students. It is an estimated $1,280 for books and supplies and it is $7,135 for a room or dormitory. A fact about this campus is that it is it is eighty-three percent men and seventeen percent woman. Mark Blondin, the Director of Admissions can be called at (401)467-7744 or located at 2500 Post Road Warkick, RI. (â€Å"New England Institute of Technology†). This school will also help you become a carpenter. The last school is University of Hawaii: Honolulu Community College. Honolulu Community College is located in Honolulu, Hawaii; it is a large urban setting of over 500,000 people. The requirements to get in the college are twenty-five dollars for an application and you do not even need a high school diploma. The tuition for this school is $2,670, the books are $773, and a room is $7,447. Some cool facts about this college are that you can join various clubs and it is close to a beach. The admissions counselor; Funai Grace who is located at 874 Dillingham Boulevard Honolulu, HI 96817 or you can call her at (808)845-9129. (â€Å"University of Hawaii: Honolulu Community College†). So, this college is a cheaper school and it’s close to the beach. In conclusion, this paper included many facts of carpentry, and ways to become a carpenter. This paper also included some interesting facts and costs of schools. The paper also included some things about what is like to be a carpenter, what you need to do, and how to become an actual carpenter.

Why China wants RMB currency undervalued Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Why China wants RMB currency undervalued - Essay Example China has adopted a policy of intervention to control the appreciation of its currency, the renminbi (RMB), against the dollar and other currencies. This policy measure is heavily criticized by most of its trading partners, especially the United States (Morrison and Marc 1).China's policy of pegging its currency against the U.S. dollar has resulted in severe devaluation of RMB. This undervaluation gives RMB an unfair advantage over competitors in exports. Critics argue that this policy has resulted in China's huge current account surplus, and global trading imbalance (Chen and Mai 4).Some analysts argue that China makes a deliberate effort to manipulate its currency in order to get an unfair trade advantage over other trading partners (Morrison and Marc 1).U.S. claims that RMB's undervaluation is leading to U.S. manufacturing job loss and trade deficit. On the other hand, China strongly condemns such allegations and asserts that international pressure is a form of protectionism and i nterference in China's domestic economic policy. This research paper explores the reasons behind Chinese currency's undervaluation and implications of appreciating it. Renminbi (RMB) is the official name of Chinese currency, and it is divided in the Yuan units, RMB and Yuan are used interchangeably. China has been under extreme criticism and international political pressure to revalue its currency. The pressure is primarily led by the United States of America who asserts that competitive undervaluation of the Chinese RMB and other Asian currencies have significant influences on the U.S. economy (Bergsten). According to Cline and Williamson's estimate, RMB's 25-40 appreciation would lead to reduction of annual U.S. current account deficit by $100 billion to $150 billion. On the other hand, proponents believe that currency appreciation is the solution to China's own problems as it can work as a tool to curb high inflation, lower import price, and dampen the demand for exports(Goldstei n and Lardy 2006; Bergsten 2010; Tyers et al. 2008; Tung and Baker 2004 qtd. in Yang, Wei, and Simla 1). Nevertheless, there are widespread concerns about a major RMB appreciation. Within China, it is believed that a major currency appreciation would lead to slow economic growth and leave adverse employment influences on labor-intensive export sectors (Xu et al. 2011; Tang 2011; Lin 2011; Duan 2011 qtd. in Yang, Wei, and Simla 1). Background on China's Currency Policy Recent empirical studies reveal that undervalued currency leads to faster economic growth. It is because exports rate grow relatively faster than import rates. Therefore, the producing country generates more foreign exchange and enhances its production capacity (Abola qtd. in Joyce). When a country's currency is undervalued, exports grow more than imports because it will provide cheaper goods as compared to their competing trading countries (Joyce). In past, currency valuation has been used by countries who intend to p romote their exports, such as, Japan and South Korea, and now China (Diokno qtd. in Joyce). Until 1994, China practiced a dual exchange rate system. It included an official fixed exchange rate system used by government, and comparatively market-based exchange rate system used by exporters and importers in "swap markets". China restricted access to foreign exchange in order to limit imports which resulted in large black market for foreign exchange.There was significant difference in the two exchange rates. In 1993, official exchange rate with dollar was 5.77 Yuan while 8.70 Yuan in the swap markets. United States criticized China's dual exchange rat

Mini Persuasive Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mini Persuasive Research Paper - Essay Example In 2006, however, the ban was lifted and the United States government allowed two companies to produce silicone for medical purposes (Agadoni, 2012). In 2012, the number of breast augmentation procedures carried out within United States was 286,274. The year saw an increase in breast augmentation procedure by 35% from 2000 in which only 212,500 cases of breast augmentation were reported (Surgeons, 2012). Many believe that these procedures are injurious to women’s health and in many cases are unnecessary. Some on the other hand argue that these procedures may not be necessary for women’s physical health but are an integral part to their mental and moral health. This paper is going to examine the arguments made by those arguing in favor and against breast augmentation and suggest solution that might help address the issue. Arguments supporting breast augmentation: The most compelling argument that is presented in favor of breast augmentation is that it helps women boost t heir confidence. A large portion of women who opt for breast implants is to increase their confidence. These women get implants because they feel that the way they view their body would have a significant impact not only on their confidence but also on their self-esteem (Bejra Medical Institute, 2013). Some women get breast implants to reshape their breasts after pregnancy. In most cases women’s breasts tend to lose their natural shape and can sometimes become saggy after their pregnancy. This is especially seen in women that breastfeed their children. Through breast implants women are able to get the shape of their breasts back a factor that appeals to majority of women (Bejra Medical Institute, 2013). Age is another factor that drives women towards the procedure. The fear of losing their looks as they age women turns to breast augmentation to have their breasts reconstructed by doctors. Through the procedure of breast augmentation women tend to feel as though they have rega ined their youth (Bejra Medical Institute, 2013). Some women undergo the procedure to obtain clothes that fit them better. Most clothes available in the market are designed to fit women that have large breasts. Women with flat chests are unable to purchase these clothes which can lead to these women developing a complex. By getting breast implants the variety of clothing that is available to them significantly increases. Moreover since their clothes fit them better after their procedure they feel a lot more confident in their clothing than they do before the procedure (Bejra Medical Institute, 2013). Arguments against breast augmentation: One of the most compelling arguments that is put against the procedure of breast augmentation is that research has proven time and time again that the procedure in itself and the silicone implants are dangerous to women’s health in a number of ways (Food Drug Assosiation, 2011). In 2011, the U.S food and drug administration stated that there is a possible link between Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) and breast implantation. The study stated that the risk of women with breast implants developing ALCL maybe low but there is a definite relationship between the two (Food Drug Assosiation, 2011). The research identified more than 34 cases of ALCL in which the patient had undergone breast augmentation around the world that were unique. Moreover, FDA obtained data from a number of sources showing that there were 60 confirmed cases of

McHam_Donatello's David & Judith_x Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

McHam_Donatello's David & Judith_x - Assignment Example the controversial message that the family’s role in Florence was the same as that of respected Old Testament autocrat slayers and saviors of the people that emblematically inverted the increasing accusations that the Medici had developed tyranny that took all the power from the republican institutions in the city (McHam 32). The sculptures were mainly used as focal points of the courtyard and the garden that were linked. David was raised on a high base at the middle of the courtyard and could be seen when the palace’s main entrance was open. The exact location of the Judith and Holofernes in the plot is not known as the orchard was immediately behind the quad, it may have been noticeable from the quad if it was located on the bloc between the orchard and the quad (McHam 32). The placement of the sculptures reveals that they could easily be viewed by the desired audience since the courtyard could be accessed by palace visitors and the garden could be accessed by an invited group. 2) What evidence does McHam provide that suggests Donatello’s earlier marble version of David was interpreted in political terms? How would the placement of the artist’s later version of David been understood? (p. 34) The inscriptions in the manuscripts which describe the Palazzo della Signoria validate the speculation that had earlier been unproven that they might have been added to the sculpture before 1416 before Danatello recut the figure to emphasize a political role for David as being the defender of Florence (McHam 34). This was done by baring his one of his legs and removing the scroll that had previously used to identify David as being a prophet. The placement of the bronze version of David in the courtyard can be understood as a self-conscious allusion to the previous marble analogue and the inscription it was associated with. It was also a sign that the Medici were closely associated to the regime and supported their principles. 3) According to the author, what was

Medicine administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medicine administration - Essay Example He needs to be in school, not at home taking care of a terminally ill patient. Michael lacks the skills needed to take care of a patient suffering from Parkinson’s disease. He is also too young to cope with the challenges that come with taking care of a person suffering from this disease (Tuite, 2009). The work might be emotionally draining and Michael might not know how to handle this. He has not been trained to deal with medical conditions; therefore, he might not know how to handle his mother’s medication (Chemecky, Infortuna and Macklin, 2006). Sometimes, it is hard to administer drugs to persons suffering from Parkinson’s disease, and since Michael is not a trained medicine administrator, he might not know what to do in this situation. Michael should not be allowed to administer drugs to his mother by himself. Since his mother’s condition is very serious, she needs advanced level medications which can only be administered by a professional, which Mich ael is not. According to the law, only simple drugs such as paracetamols can be administered at home. There are age restrictions for drug administration at home. For some medications, the age limit can be anywhere from 13 years (Tuite, 2009).

Paramedic science degree (Medical) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paramedic science degree (Medical) - Essay Example Hence, her doctor advised bariatric surgery six months ago. Her initial surgery led to a 5% weight loss within the first two months of the gastric banding surgery. She was encouraged by results and so she requested for the biliopancreatic diversion without duodenal switch. This procedure also helped her lose more weight. Her third request for surgery is being considered by her physician due to dependency concerns. Her physician, as well as the rest of the medical team believes that she has become dependent on bariatric surgeries and they are reluctant to encourage or feed such dependency. When confronted with such concern, she insisted that she has not become dependent on the surgeries and that this was the last surgery she would take to help her lose weight. Despite medical advice, she insists that she needs the gastric stimulation surgery in order to effectively help her lose more weight. Feelings (What was I thinking and feeling?) While caring for the bariatric patient who was bec oming dependent on our services, I felt that we needed to put an end to her dependency. The bariatric surgery during the earliest stages of her diabetes is an effective means of reducing her weight. In a study by Dixon, et.al. (2005, p. 472), the authors were able to establish that bariatric surgery done at the earliest stages of diabetes is very much beneficial to patients because it helps reduce and manage their weight and successively help them achieve better results in their diabetes management. Two bariatric surgeries however, are more than sufficient for the current patient to gradually and safely lose weight; and allowing the third surgery to proceed would also be akin to enabling her dependence. I could sense that her demeanour and attitude about the surgeries were based on the concept that the surgeries can be easily availed of and it was her right to demand said services. I felt that her dependence on bariatric surgeries must be stopped and the services to be offered to he r must be based on her health maintenance – not on more bariatric surgeries. In a study by Kushner (2000, p. 126), the authors emphasized the importance fulfilling the essential caloric intake from the limited food intake allowable after gastric banding. This should be focused on by the patient – not the need for more surgeries. Evaluation (What was good and bad about the experience?) What was good about the experience was that I learned to detect signs of dependence in patients. I was able to assess the patient’s behaviour and attitude about the surgery and to determine whether these symptoms were indicative of dependence. The experience also taught me how to deal with patients and their dependence. Normally, I would have given in to a patient’s requests; and, this experience taught me to how to therapeutically refuse a patient’s requests or demands. Therapeutically refusing a patient is not simply about refusing a patient’s requests, but i t is also about making oneself available to respond to the patient’s emotional needs (Austin, 2010, p. 483). What was bad about the experience was that we had limited options for the patient in terms of psychological or mental health assistance. We knew that she was going through some mental health issues which affected her determination to lose weight. As health professionals, we could have provided more counselling for her in order to ensure that she would be able to deal with the emotional challenges of her obesity and to

How convincing is Durkheim's arguement that organic solidarity is a Essay

How convincing is Durkheim's arguement that organic solidarity is a normal development of the division of labour in society - Essay Example According to Durkheim, certain social facts such as family norms, formal laws and regulations exercise a form of coercive power on the members of a society, and these exist independently from its members (Martin & McIntyre 1994, p.433). Presented as thus, these social facts are a part of society which are functional but objectively self-existent within a society. In The Division of Labour, Durkheim explored the way in which a society shifts from its more primitive state to a modern society; through the content of its moral rules and stances, and also through the solidarity of its nature. In relation to the former shift, he expressed law as an assurance of a society’s fundamental values, as the moral values attached to individuals by individuals borne of human dignity. He assigned law the unifying value of society, calling it a ‘glorification†¦of the individual in general†¦sympathy for all that is human’ (Individualism and the Intellectuals 1889, p.273). As a form of coercive power in society, law depicts society as a moral unit, and we feel the force of this coercive power when we deviate from it. This is not to say that we are constantly aware of the coercive power within society; through the sharing of similar beliefs and goals, we as individuals are able to create the impression that such collective beliefs a re our own. Yet how can the members of a society co-exist with a set of moral values which are not a sum of its members individual values? It is as though Durkheim describes us a blank slates, upon which our entering into society is drawn a set of moral values by this separate entity – does this not undermine any autonomy that we could possess as individuals? Just because moral rules are obligatory does not mean that they are not a creation of the collective values and beliefs of its individuals. How can it be a ‘collective common conscience’, (Division of Labour in Society 1893,

Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Goals - Essay Example I also aspire to become a successful individual by earning due recognition as an expert in the field in which I'm passionate. And in order to prepare myself for a successful career ahead I have set for myself, some goals which I intend to achieve in due course. 1. Lose 15 pounds of Weight: Today's life is full of activity, tense moments, stressful working, competitive environment etc. which calls for a physique fit enough to take long hours of working together with a host of other activities. I have the fortune of growing in a jolly good environment which helped me gaining a few pounds more. Though I am fit enough to work for hours together, but I sincerely feel that I need to control my body weight so that in the years ahead the backbone doesn't have to bear excessive load. I plan to lose about 15 pounds of my body weight within the next one year, which will help me in finding the professional look. In the corporate world, physical appearance also matters, but for a young female it becomes an added advantage if she could maintain the balancing act. I am aware that even to lose the weight I need to consult dieticians and experts, so that I could do it in a manner acceptable to my body and I could sustain the slim and trim look for a long p eriod ahead. 2. To be 'Well Read' and Read Critically: Internet and IT are the buzzwords today.

Discussion of Sections 338 and 338 Election of the Internal Revenue Research Proposal

Discussion of Sections 338 and 338 Election of the Internal Revenue Code - Research Proposal Example Under Section 338, if a purchasing corporation acquires 80 percent or more of the stock of the target corporation in a qualified stock purchase then the election in Section 338 may be done to treat the stock purchase as an asset purchase. This election must be not later than the fifteenth day of the ninth month, after the month in which the acquisition date occurs. If however the purchasing corporation decides not to or fails to make such an election, then it will be a carryover basis in the target’s assets. Such an election in Section 338 will benefit or have an economic value to the purchasing corporation only â€Å"if the present value of future tax savings resulting from the ‘step-up’ in basis of the target's assets exceeds the current tax cost of such a step-up†. As explained by Silverman, in order to achieve this basis step-up, the target corporation must recognize the full gain or loss inherent in its assets.

Islam Essay Example for Free

Islam Essay 1. The word â€Å"Islam† is derived form the Arabic root â€Å"asalama† which literally means peace, purity and submission. Thus Islam means â€Å"surrender to the Almighty† and Muslim means â€Å"one who is in a state of submission†. It is understood that this submission is to the Will of God, as is laid down in the Quran. This tenet is unequivocally accepted by all sects of Islam be they Shia, Sunni or Sufis. 2. Islam is an unerringly monotheistic religion. It enjoins the existence of one God, his prophet Muhammad who is the Last Prophet (khatam-in-nabiyin) in a long line of prophets sent throughout time and to every civilization, and the Quran as the Word of God revealed to Muhammad through the angel Jibrael. Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable and the purpose of life is to worship him and to adhere to his word, as laid down in the Quran, and in Sunnah (the normative practices of the Prophet), as closely as possible. They believe that Islam is the final, completed and universal version of a faith (Deen-e-Ibrahimi) revealed too many prophets before; most notably Abraham, Moses and Jesus, but whose message has now been distorted. 3. The practices of Islam are based on the ubiquitous â€Å"Five Pillars†. These are, in order of importance, Shahadah or acceptance of One-ness (Taw hid) of God, Salat or five daily Prayers, Saum or Fasting in the month of Ramadan, Zakat or obligatory Alms-giving, Hajj or Pilgrimage to the Kaabah (House of God) at least once in a lifetime, for those able to afford it. These five â€Å"Pillars of Faith† are incumbent upon every Muslim and form the basis for his belief. Some scholars say that the pillars in Shia Islam involve an additional four points in addition to the principal ones. Namely, Nabuwah or Prophet Hood of Muhammad, Jesus, Moses etc., Imamah or Leadership of the Tweleve Imams, Qiyamah or Day of Judgment and Adel or Justice. 4. The fundamental goals of Islam are a complete submission to God and adherence to the teachings of the Quran and the example of Sunnah. When a child is born he is â€Å"ordained† into Islam by reciting the Kalima (the verses outlining Tawhid) into his ear, and thereby giving Shahadah i.e. acknowledgement of the One-ness of God. Muslims must perform the ritual of prayer five times a day, fast and give alms in the month of Ramadan, and perform the pilgrimage to the Kaabah if he is of sound mind and body and is able to afford it. The principles of the Promotion of Virtue (amr bil-maaroof) and Prevention of Vice (nahi an-al-munkar) are long-standing and Muslims are expected to inculcate them in their dealings with others. As Islam enjoins peace and harmony with mankind and with nature there is a great emphasis placed on community. Indeed, the Muslim brethren at large are considered one community (Ummah), irrespective of political, cultural or physical barriers. A Muslim is encouraged to perform good deeds for the community (masawaat) and to call people to worship the One God (Dawah). 5. Authority in Islam remains with God. His injunctions, as laid down in the Quran, and the practices and teachings of the Prophet, Sunnah are to be followed in establishing a political structure. Traditionally the concept of political leadership was embodied by the â€Å"Great Caliphs† (Khulfa-e-Rashiduun), who succeeded Muhammad in leadership of the nascent Islamic Empire. This political set-up personified adherence to the Shariah, duty of the rulers to seek consultation or Shura and of censuring unjust rulers. It is widely believed that the â€Å"Great Four†, the four to succeed Muhammad in succession, were the only ones in practice true to the cause of Islam and subsequent rulers fell victim to dynastic politics and greed. With the fall of the Ottoman Empire there was an abolition of the Caliphate, no matter how symbolic, and closure of the traditional Islamic political setup. Shia Islam has a theological concept of the Imamate. This term is often used interchangeably with the Caliphate but has very different connotations. The Shia believes that it is a divine institution succeeding the Last prophet and the Imams divinely chosen. The chosen Imams take up the mantle of religious, political, social etc. leader of all the Ummah. Traditionally Shia followers and scholars have shown political aloofness or activism against what was viewed as an increasingly corrupt caliphate. 6. The legal ideal in Islam resides with God. His injunctions form the basis for Islamic Law or Shariah. Shariah derives from two sources: divine revelations set forth in the Quran, and the normative practices of the Holy Prophet, Sunnah, as pertained to everyday matters. Fiqh or Jurisprudence extends on matters not directly touched upon in these primary sources. The foundations for Fiqh come from Ijma or consensus of learned scholars and qiyas, analogy from quran and Sunnah. Shia jurisprudence replaces this with aql or â€Å"reason†. Shariah law is not widespread, and even in Muslim countries there are often parallel justice systems. In countries where it enjoys official status Shariah is upheld by the qadis. Shariah has widespread implications; from matters of politics and economics to diet and personal hygiene. Shia scholars employ a different tack. According to them sources of law (usul-e-fiqh) are: Quran, Sunnah, the practices of the Twelve Imams and aql (reason). 7. Islamic philosophy and theology have more or less a harmonious perspective. Theology in Islam centers on six main articles of belief; Belief in One God (Tawhid), Belief in the Last Prophet (Nabi) and all the Messengers of God (Rasul), belief in Angels (Malaika), books sent by god (kutub), judgment (qiyamah) and predestination (qadar). Islamic philosophy as produced in an Islamic society is not exclusively concerned with religious matters nor is it wholly Islamic in origin; rather it has grounds in Hellenistic and Pre-Islamic Indian traditions. The golden age of Islamic philosophy is centered on the 8th to 12th centuries and exemplified Averroes and Avicenna. The first aspect of theology is Kalam which deals with theological questions and the other is Falsafa based on Aristotelianism. Kalam centers on ijtihad or using thought to investigate the doctrines of the Quran, while Falsafa was mainly concerned with the translation of Greek and Hindu texts and expounding them to the community at large. It is quite possible for a Muslim to hold separate philosophical and theological beliefs; believing on the one hand in the Aristotelian principle that the existence of the world is not only a possibility but also a necessity, and also valuing the fact that existence of the world in due only to God. The Shia school of thought differs only in what it considers purely theological matters i.e. Roots of religion (Usul e-Din) and Branches of Faith (Furu-e-Din) 8. By the end of the 12th century, the Islamic Empire was a vast entity. Stretching from beyond the shores of the Mediterranean to much of India. Thus Islamic art and architecture shows wide and varied themes, each influenced by the culture and climate of the particular land. The principal Islamic architectural styles are the mosque, tomb, fort and palace and from these an idea of the recurring themes may be gleaned. Soon after Muhammad, a recognizable style of architecture emerged comprising interior vaulted spaces, a circular dome and decorative arabesques. The great mosque of Samarrah in Iraq, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Hagia Sofia in Turkey are prime examples. The conquest of the Persian Empire in the 7th century introduced large arcades and arches. Moorish architecture is perhaps the most familiar example in the western world. The Great Mosque (Mezquita) in Cordova, the Alhambra and the fort of Granada introduced wide breezy interiors and decorative foliage and Arabic inscription motifs. Mughal architecture has built a class of its own. Perhaps the most famous is the Taj Mahal, built in white marble entirely in symmetry with large minarets and cupola domes. The Mughals also introduced gardens as a relevant theme in their architecture, most famously the Shalimar Gardens. While theology does not have a very significant impact on Islamic architecture a recurring theme is the absence of human or animal imagery, widely considered to be forbidden by the Prophet. Instead calligraphic inscriptions of the Quran and geometric patterns replace as decorative influences.

The Continued Growth Of Oreo

The Continued Growth Of Oreo Oreo can be satisfying more that just the drive (hunger). Oreo satisfies the nurturing need example, a mother having difficulties in feeding her 4 to 6 years old child with some nutrition food, can consider Oreo to feed her child with a sip of milk. Oreo satisfies the imitation need example, kids watching the Oreo ad on TVs while the other kids are enjoying twisting, that cookies licking and dunking the cookie into a glass of milk.This forces the that cookie right away and imitate the same steps. Oreo also adults like to have fun once in a while individually or even with their kids. Growth in the Saudi Arabian biscuit market is being driven mainly by two factors. Firstly, the marked increase in advertising spend by multinationals such as Nabisco, Master Foods and Danone. Secondly, the popularity of emerging products such as chocolate-coated biscuits and bread substitutes, which have recently been launched in the market. Research has shown that biscuits, particularly sweet biscuits, are generally sold at low prices, averaging between SR0.25 and SR2 (US $0.06-US $0.53), or a single-serve pack and enjoy excellent distribution in all outlets. The biscuits sector is highly developed owing to the strength of the local industry in Saudi Arabia, represented by large manufacturers such as United Food Industries. Oreo sales showed a fluctuating result during the past 13 years. When Oreo initially was launched into the market, sales increased to a high extent for about 3 years but then sales decreased for a long period during 1997 to 2002. Oreo marketing became aware of their loses and immediately went back to action and changed their marketing mix and started to introduce several different new products. This effort resulted with high sales in 2008. Sales were amounted to $4 billion and market share 41%. 2.0 Background Oreo 3.0 Marketing Mix 3.1 Product The basic design of an OREO cookie has not changed since its introduction: two round chocolate cookie wafer joined by sweet vanilla crà ¨me filling. 3.2 Promotion Key factors in the continued growth of OREO are the brands award-winning advertising and best-in-class consumer promotions. The brands approach to engaging consumers stays true to its essence: creating connections through the classic OREO and milk ritual that brings people together in moments of childlike delight. Whether its twisting, licking, dunking, or a combination of all three, OREO offers everyday moments of connection that other snack brands cannot match. Throughout the years, the brand has brought to life the powerful OREO and milk connection in a number of innovative advertising and promotional channels. One unique example is a panoramic elevator in a shopping mall that dramatizes the traditional OREO and milk connection: a picture of an OREO cookie on the elevator dunks into a glass of milk as the elevator descends. Because the OREO and milk moment is central to the brands identity, the advertising tagline was switched from Americas Favorite Cookie to Milks Favorite Cookie. Another unique trait of OREO is the brands unified worldwide marketing strategy. While the communications are translated and adapted for local cultures, the core communication of special moments of childlike delight enabled by the TWIST, LICK, AND DUNK ritual using an OREO and milk is consistent across the globe. With significant investment in promotions and public relations, the OREO brand has forged strong, lasting connections with consumers. Two signature marketing programs over the last 10 years have been the OREO Global Moments contest and the Double Stuf Racing League. In 2008 the brand hosted the OREO Global Moments contest, which asked OREO fans around the world to submit videos depicting a special OREO and Milk Moment. Consumers from eight different countries on four different continents entered videos depicting a wide range of OREO and Milk Moments. From original OREO-themed songs and animated skits to family lessons on OREO dunking techniques, fans showed their passion for the brand with every video submission. The winning video, which depicted a little girl giving her last OREO cookie and a glass of milk to a soldier, was featured on the YouTube homepage for a day. OREO recently energized the popular act of twisting, licking, and dunking by launching the Double Stuff Racing League (DSRL). The DSRL is a different way to enjoy the classic OREO cookie and milk ritual. Its a fun activity that family and friends can enjoy together, racing to see who can finish an OREO DOUBLE STUF cookie and glass of milk the fastest. Racers twist their cookie open, lick off all the crà ¨me, dunk it in milk, eat the cookie, and drink the glass of milk. The first to finish twisting, licking, and dunking wins. Commercials in recent years have featured numerous celebrity athletes as DSRL athletes, which has driven significant media attention to this unique campaign and resulted in very positive consumer response. OREO DOUBLE STUF consumption has grown almost 10 percent since the launch of the DSRL in 2008.4 In keeping with the changing media landscape, OREO has elevated its strategy by connecting millions of passionate fans to each other (and the brand) through social media. Social media networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube are ideal tools for a brand like OREO, whose strategy is rooted in connecting family and friends. The brands foundation of connections in combination with the global reach of OREO lends credibility to the two-way conversations that social media platforms enable on a daily basis. Consumers who like OREO on Facebook also receive brand updates, such as exclusive behind-the-scenes content from OREO advertising shoots and new product news. By embracing the new opportunity to connect with consumers, OREO has emerged as a leader in social media and currently hosts one of the largest consumer packaged goods-branded Facebook pages.5 Whether its through social media or lick racing contests, OREO is reaching consumers through award-winning advertisements, unique promotions, and public relation campaigns that continue to build the OREO brand equity. 3.3 Place 3.4 Price 4.0 Suggestion Marketing Mix Product: Develop new sandwiches which contain less calories, less fat, less cocoa powder and less salt. Customer has been complaining about the packaging for the past years. And in order to overcome this issue, the package should be given a new look to attract more customer. The labeling should be clear and nutritional information should be specific and not hypothetical such as May contain milk protein!!! Price: Maintain their current prices. Maintain a fixed price for all specific products overall the Riyadh market. Place: Oreo should improve their market existence. Example: In Hail-Al-Wazarat, his cold stores Bagalas dont have Oreo products. Promotion: Their promotions havent shown much about their organizations, TV commercials were for a short time and ever since they havent shown any other particular promotions. They should get in contact with Advertising Agencies for better improved commercials. Their websites provide less information about the whole organization (Internal /External). Aim for different promotional medias as Bill boards, Flyers, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 5.0 Conclusion

The South African Forced Removals History Essay

The South African Forced Removals History Essay In South Africa, apartheid was an important factor in the forced removal of many innocent South Africans, due to the color of their skin. Throughout the 1900s the struggle between segregation and equality was brought to attention, affecting almost every aspect of a black South Africans life. From the causes, to the effects upon the civilians, the forced removals majorly affected the present day South Africa. From 1960 to 1983 the Bantustan Policy was enforced to forcibly move South African blacks out of the area designated for whites. There are many causes as to why the forced resettlement of blacks was conveyed byt the government. The apartheid more or less originated back in 1652 when white settlers first arrived in South Africa. This history did impact the way the laws and policies were enforced later on 1948 on by the nationalist party. In 1910, the Union was formed. After this, the territorial segregation the white settlers had impressed was put in law with the 1913 Black Land Act. The Black Land Act limited the areas black Africans could occupy through ownership or rent. This act would become the basic land policy of South Africa up until the end of the resettlement. The Act also made the number of migrant laborers increase, since most of the industries and mines, which was and still is the main source of income for Africans, were occupied by black workers, but were located on white land. During the 1930s and 40s, the amount of money blacks were paid in urban areas was considerably better than that of rural, and this began a migration of black Africans into urban areas. This countered the wishes of the dominant agricultural capitalists, who needed a good work force during the agricultural boom of the 1950s. Thus begun the move towards forced removals, to keep blacks out of white urban areas. This need for the removal was the implementation of the Bantustan Policy. The Bantustan Policy was directed towards rural resettlement, urban resettlement, and resettlement within the Bantustans. These resettlements were to direct blacks from designated white urban land and areas, which led to a superfluous amount of farm laborers. By the beginning of the 1980s, almost 60% of the African population was based in the Bantustans (Kristen Henard). The black spots or communities the blacks were forced into were overcrowded and unsanitary. These communities more or less became the dumping grounds for unwanted blacks, namely the elderly, women and children. The Black (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act amended in 1952, those Africans with the section 10 right had the right to remain there only if they were born in the area, and had lived there continuously, worked for one employer for more than ten years, or lived lawfully and continuously there for 15 years. For others, there was a 72 hour limit for visitation in the white areas. The influx control regulations of the Consolidation Act were furthered in the 60s when the labor was needed in agricultural areas, rather than industries. These regulations went along with the Bantustan dumping grounds, and the unproductive and redundant workers. In 1986, the Abolition of Influx Control Act was created to replace the Consolidation Act of 1952. The system of influx control regulating and controlling the movement and residential rights of Africans and the subsequent further restrictions or relaxations must be tied to the political environment and the economic needs of the white capitalists. As the towns are centers of wealth and power and the majority rule movement was strongest in the towns, a permanent African population in the towns was perceived as rising political and security problems. In general the influx control regulation. aimed at reducing the number of Africans living permanently in the towns as much as possible so as to reduce the concomitant political threat they pose This amended both the 1951 Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act and the 1979 Slums Act, providing the essential administrative controls that could be used for population and African urbanization control. The 1923 Black Act was also influenced by apartheid, made to segregate the urb an African population. On the other hand, the 1986 amendment to the Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act provided for the possibility of controlled squatting because it allowed the minister of Constitutional development and planning to designate land for this purpose and make suitable regulations related to the provision of services and a form of local government. The government thus acknowledged the ultimate impossibility of eradicating all squatters and at the same time the positive effects of this type of low cost housing considering the extreme housing shortage in the urban areas. This provision can also be interpreted as another attempt to divide and disorganize the dominated and oppressed class by giving preferential treatment to a certain group of squatters so as to induce a positive attitude towards the apartheid regime whereas all the other squatters still lived under the threat of conviction and eviction. They then continued to control that population with the Group Area Ac t, facilitating control over the black urban population. This act attempted to hamper organization among the oppressed urban working class. Also, the segregated townships were placed on the outskirts of cities. This was facilitated so that the blacks were away from sensitive business centers, and to control political and economic faces of the towns. At one point in the forced removal era, the implantation of the many racially based laws resulted in 87% of the total land area of South Africa being owned by the white minority, whereas 13% was set aside for the 5 to 1 black majority. This made obvious the intentions of the government, to make sure the black majority was run and controlled by the white minority. Throughout the segregation, there was series of peaceful demonstrations, along with violent ones. In 1985, over a period of four days Africans resisted being moved from their home, Crossroads, South Africa, to the new government- run Khayelitsha Township. Eighteen people were killed during the movement, and 230 were injured. The apartheid system can be described as state action designed to secure and maintain white domination by furthering white political and economic interests through control over the black majority population. The mechanisms of population control used, include the panoply of forced removal intended to control, divide and segregate the people of South Africa. Forced removals have occurred in different historical times with different functions and guises. Ultimately the whole process can be traced back to the structures of black economic exploitation and white political domination inherent in the apartheid regime. The process of change began with the election of Willem de Klerk as leader of the National Party in February 2, 1989, his subsequent presidentship, and more specifically his speech on February 2, 1990 as he announced the repeal of apartheid legislation, the democratization of the state system, the normalization of the political process, and the multi-party negotiation process for a new Constitution. The latter was eventually set up in December 1991 under the name Congress for a Democratic South Africa. After a suspension in June 1992, the negotiations resumed in early 1993 and resulted in an agreement on the details of a transitional Constitution, including 34 Constitutional principles against which the final constitution will be tested, and the arrangements necessary to ensure free and fair elections set from April 26 to 28, 1994. The then elected transitional parliament, acting as a Constitutional assembly, would begin to draw up a final Constitution. The forced removals of South Africa were heavily influenced by apartheid, meaning the white minority controlling the black majority. The struggle between equality and segregation originated when the white settlers first arrived in Africa, but finally concluded in the 90s. There are many causes, from regulations and acts, to the white supremacy. Although it ended, the effects still remain. Many South Africans still live in insanitary slums, having been forced and never left.

Adolph Hitler :: essays research papers

Adolf Hitler   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adolf Hitler was born to Alois and Klara Hitler in 1990 in Braunau, Austria. His parents couldn’t legally be married, because his mother was his father’s first cousin’s daughter. But they got permission from the Christian church in Rome, and were only an exception because Klara was already pregnant. When he was eight, the family moved to Vienna, which would be a city to hold quite an impact on Hitler’s ambitions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Adolf was 12, his father had died. His father was the only person that wouldn’t let his grades slip, so two years later he dropped out of school. Then Hitler’s luck worsened, and two short years after, his mother passed away. Once his mother was gone, Adolf was completely alone. In 1913, he moved to Munich looking for a place to be employed. But he did not leave Vienna with nothing. As he left, he kept two things in mind that were valued there: Anti-Semitism and the idea of German supremacy. Adolf had always been into the arts, when he was in Munich, he’d go to operas when he didn’t even have food. He was a very good sketch artist of buildings and architects, but he could not draw people very well. Art was one of the two classes, P.E. being the other, that he excelled in. As he entered the political world, he would continue his interests in the arts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World War One hit on August 14, 1914. A few months later, he had joined up with the German army in the 16th Battalion. He became so dedicated to his battalion, that when people asked where he lived, he simply said, â€Å"The Sixteenth Battalion.† The reason why he had joined to fight for his country is because he wanted to purify the world. In his eyes, anybody who wasn’t German wasn’t part of the â€Å"Master Race†, which fell under Hitler’s idea of German Supremacy. Aryan was what the â€Å"Master Race† was deemed, which was a German with blonde hair and blue eyes. The irony of it is that he himself had brown hair and brown eyes, which he considered â€Å"not pure.† If you were not pure, you were to be cleansed, taken care of. If you were not with Adolf and his belief, you deserved to die. In 1916, he was shot and sent back to Germany. Then he soon returned healthy as ever.

Comparing Existentialism in The Trial and Nausea :: comparison compare contrast essays

Existentialism in The Trial and Nausea  Ã‚   The Trial and Nausea  Ã‚   Webster's Dictionary defines Existentialism as a "philosophic doctrine of beliefs that people have absolute freedom of choice and that the universe is absurd, with an emphasis on the phenomena of anxiety and alienation." As Existentialism was coming to the foreground of the philosophical world during the 1940's, a group of Existentialist philosophers became well-known public figures in America. Their philosophies were commonly discussed in magazines, and their concepts of man's ultimate freedom of choice were quite intriguing to readers. Two philosophers who embodied this set of beliefs were Jean-Paul Sartre and Franz Kafka. These men displayed their beliefs mostly through novels. Sartre wrote Nausea, the story of a man's struggle to find meaning in a world in which most everything gives him a paralyzing sense of sickness. Kafka relayed his thoughts through Joseph K., a man who has been put on trial without being given any information about what he's done. The outcomes of Kafka's The Trial and Sartre's Nausea are two examples of the effects on a man who questions his existence. The main focus of Nausea is Antoine Roquentin's experience with what he describes as the "Nausea." The overwhelming absurdity of his everyday experiences create this sickness. Roquentin's first experience with this sickness is described when he reaches down to pick up a slip of paper: "Objects should not touch because they are not alive. You use them, put them back in place, you live among them: they are useful, nothing more. But they touch me, it is unbearable. I am afraid of being in contact with them as though they were living beasts" (Sartre 10). The term "Nausea" has since become common when the subject of Existentialism is brought up. It is an excellent term to describe the sudden realization that things are not as one had previously perceived them to be and that there is great weight in the matter of existence. Roquentin's battle with his own mind to find meaning in life has become one of the most effective manifestations of Existentialist thought in literature. Along with the writings of Albert Camus and Samuel Beckett, Sartre's writings are among the most highly regarded of the Existentialist works. Franz Kafka wrote a novel which evaluates a similar state of mind. The Trial deals with a much different situation, in which a man's freedom, and possibly even his life, literally hangs in the balance.

Parking slot system Essay

INTRODUCTION A parking space is a location that is designated for parking, either paved or unpaved. Parking spaces can be in a parking garage, in a parking lot or on a city street. It is usually designated by a white-paint-on-tar rectangle indicated by three lines at the top, left and right of the designated area. The automobile fits inside the space, either by parallel parking, perpendicular parking or angled parking. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_space) In most countries where cars are the dominant mode of transportation, parking lots are a feature of every city and suburban area. Shopping malls, sports stadiums, mega churches and similar venues often feature car parks of immense area. Wikipedia(2007) There are lots of parking space here in the Philippines who are traditionally operated by the security guards. We don’t have a choice but to follow that traditional operation. Every day that we are traveling in the mall or in any place, we need to find a parking slot. Sometimes there is traffic inside the parking area because most of the drivers can’t find a parking slot for their vehicles. The traditional process of any parking areas are like a cycle, you will enter on the entrance and didn’t know if there is a space for you to able to park your car and you will be driving cyclical on the parking lot and suddenly you will be irritated because you can’t find any space for your car, and you have no choice but to head the exit. This is the cycle that every people experienced every minute, every hour or every day in every parking lot area. The problem of the parking areas is it can’t manage only by the security guard’s, they can’t search the whole area in every minute to know if there is a space for the new incoming drivers on the parking lot unless there is a security guard in every designated area. And most of the parking areas are too small for the customers who have private vehicles. The reasons why we are proposing this research is to reduce the problem of the vehicle drivers who are suffering to find an available space or slot in the parking areas. This research aim to help all the drivers to find a parking space faster and easier than the traditional system. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM How may the manual system be described in terms of: 1.1Time Time consuming of finding a space in parking lot. 1.2AccuracyandConsistency. Increase of problem in parking lot. 1.3Speed Slow in finding a slot for vehicles. 1.4Security No security guard will monitor your vehicles. How may the proposed system be described in terms of: 1.1Time Saving your time to find a parking space. 1.2AccuracyandConsistency Use automated car parking system to reduce wasting of time finding a parking slot. 1.3Speed It’s more quickly to find parking slot. 1.4Security The automated car parking system is more secured than the traditional system.

Evaluation of Security Considerations in the Design of Public Buildings in Abuja

AN Evaluation OF hostage CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN ABUJA IntroductionThe radical engrossed of constructions is to supply residents with contributing, safe, comfy, healthy and honestd indoor environment to transport out divers(prenominal) sorts of activities runing from work, survey, leisure, headache and house fight back manners to societal interactions. ( Olagide and Bello 2007 ) . gum benjamin and Lawrence, 2007 re straight offned that in order to implement this intent, constructions atomic number 18 constructed, planned, constructed and managed establish on cadence circumstantialations established by governments professionals and experts who atomic number 18 supposed to hold bear on cognition of users submits and outlooks, among otherwises. ( Webster, 1966 ) , state of matter that rampart is the province of feeling of cosmos free from frighten and danger or the riddance of scuppers. Security is one of the staple fiber demands of humanity. Human guarantor is about wake persons and communities from any signifier of force or in guarantor department. Human hostage sought to foreground in the altogether frettings about planetary pledge and needs to phone number to a expose to human life. ( Ogboi and Eze, 2013 ) .Harmonizing to ( Gilbert et al. ( 2003 ) as cited by Benjamin and Lawrence 2007 Terrorist batterys as a menace to constructions argon a menace that approximately pattern codifications have non turn to in the yesteryear, and which have cl betimes befit more than(prenominal) of import. ( Benjamin and Lawrence, 2007 ) opines that particularly for certain types of buildings. These has become an issue that cause fright, anxiousness and concern in the heads of the populace. As edifice codifications ar bing for the benefit and shelterion of the populace and dimensions, it seems level-headed that codifications should be taken into history the perceptual experiences and frights of the ge neral populace when planing for entirely jeopardies, including terrorist menaces.Prince philips, ( 2010 ) states that the security breach by the terrorist group at the force central office and the fall in states office in slap-up of Nigeria in 2011 had thrown up assorted security issues and brought about frights in the head of populaces.Aziza, ( 2011 ) , noted that overt edifices in Nigeria today seems to hold been the central point of terrorist onslaught. Building security and gumshoe took on raw(a) intending on September 11, 2001. Unprecedented terrorist actions that twenty-four hours at the universe trade centre in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington. DC, do edifice proprietors and users think as they had never thought before about secure and safe, they are-or arent-in the edifices they use all twenty-four hours. ( Anderson, 2008, as was cited by Muhammad, and Asmau S, 2012 . Architects, applied scientists, security and plan advisers define the architects bi llet in the relationship between security and edifice design.Aziza, ( 2011 ) . Noted that constructing security considerations is non only when about put ining the latest electronic cogwheel and package bundle. Nor is it merely a consideration for constructing types with extremely specific tenancy considerations. Increasingly, edifices of all kinds are campaigners for the sort of wakeful security planning that proceeds hand-in-hand with the architectural design procedure. To guarantee an appropriate and efficient degree of security, designers need to introduce themselves with the field of security factors that affect the design.Safety, menaces to edifices are addressed by constructing codifications. By Torahs, designers and other midland decorators must conform to plan and twist criterions applicable to the legal power in which a undertaking is located. Mandated demands in edifice codifications are intended to protect the health and safety of edifice residents, firemans, and exigency forces, and to come up the morphologic unity of edifices in the moment of fire and other inauspicious status. Although safety menaces relate to security menaces, constructing codifications do non mix security demands. Safety menaces, which are unwilled, wake from natural phenomena ( e.g. Lighting inundations, hurri finishes and twisters ) or by means of and by dint of human deal outlessness and ignorance ( e.g. Improper usage, accidents, equipment failure, and dust defects ) . Security menaces are knowing and get going in human actions. Angry persons, vandals, felons, and terrorists bottomland transport out knowing menaces. However, heather menaces are knowing or unwilled, they may hold similar results, runing from nuisances to catastrophes of the major(ip) gradational table ( got from security and planning in the design ) .Nimma, ( 2007 ) . Stressed that with the recent wad in solicitude onslaughts comes the demand to see edifice design considerations to sa feguard lives and belongings and minimise hazard and chance of onslaught. The facility at which security was beaten at the United Nations edifice in large(p) of Nigeria raise new inquiries as to the correctness of the full composite in seat of its space. Granted the edifice exhibited resilient structural unity in defying impact, it ought to be more weighty to hedge security. ( Fatima, 2004 ) opines that the bombardment of Lois Edet house-Nigerias constabulary central office was withal an indicant that todays design security considerations are clearly unequal. The following(prenominal) anti-terror constructing design considerations are recommended for composites that can be marks for panic onslaughts. There is the demand to procure edifices in Nigeria.Since the September 11, 2011 panic onslaughts in the United States, the demand to anticipate or react to Acts of the Apostless of panic has radically transformed the policing and security landscape of states. This is oftentimes marked by the passage of new statute law, creative activity of new security bureaus or sections, furthering inter-agency scholarship sacramental manduction and engineering proviso of new resources, victimization of engineerings, and intensification of bilateral and multi-lateral cooperation on policing and security. In numerous legal powers, nevertheless, these steps have been taken at the disbursal of cultivating the people and communities in affected parts whose support and partnerships are important in geting actionable intelligence against terrorist menaces and reacting efficaciously to the threat. Nigeria is unluckily no exclusion. bother STATEMENTThe job of insecurity is now a major tendency all over the Earth. Insecurity affects human life and being, the construct of insecurity has normally been ascribed incompatible readings in association with the assorted shipway which it affects persons. Security considerations remain its values for spend safety.The frequence of te rrorist onslaught on edifice constructions in Nigeria in the past few old ages had become really appall and unreassuring. numerous lives and belongingss have been lost in the prostration of edifices largely in capital of Nigeria. Many belongings proprietors have developed gamy blood force per unit arena and some have been sent to an early grave. ( Ogboi and Eze, 2013 ) .Beland ( 2005 ) , defines insecurity as the province of fright or anxiousness stemming from a cover or alleged deficiency of protection . It refers to miss or inadequate independence from danger. This definition reflects fleshly insecurity which is the close to seeable signifier of insecurity, and it feeds into many another(prenominal) other signifiers of insecurity such as stinting security and societal security.AIM AND OBJECTIVESThe primary purpose of this search is to rating of security considerations in the design of ordinary edifice. The specific aims of this seek is to execute the followersTo place and bill assorted security considerations in care schemes pick out for ordinary edifices To find the effectiveness for security considerations in domain edifices To measuring the degree of security challenge in public edifices To measure and measure the relevancy of security consideration in public edifices in Abuja RESEARCH QUESTIONSWhat are the considerations for following and care schemes for public edifices?How potent is the security consideration in public edifices?What is the degree of security challenges in public edifices?What extend is the degree of security challenges in public edifices?What is the relevancy of security considerations in public edifices in Abuja? limitation lineThe range of this research is focus on security considerations in the design of public edifices in Abuja.The position of Abuja as the capital capital of Nigeria performer the metropolis is traveling to maintain edifice physical constructions and spread outing in range and surface. Abuja, Nigerias federal capital metropolis, is a fast develop one. Abuja has a sprawling and unprecedented universe of discourse growing, far more than the official figures. This is generally due to resulting urbanisation in the metropolis following the resettlement of the federal capital from Lagos, and to the economical chances that the metropolis seems to offer. This has put wonderful force per unit area on the citys substructure, peculiarly lodging, every bit good as other services many authorities constitutions, embassies, world(prenominal) bureaus and several corporate pudding stones are headquartered in Abuja. The metropolis has seen the development of major Constructions of constructions and substructures to run into up with the demands of adjustment for office, residential and recreational infinites. The research is to repress on some major edifices, and will fecklessly look into the security consideration of firebird bank of Nigeria and National house of convention which are both strategic edifices in Abuja Nigeria These are indispensable elements of our economic system and life, and are hence charismatic marks to terrorist groups. This research will concentrate on the protective readyings of some public countries, and provides relevant knowledge to professionals and others who are bear on with these issues. The research will measure the handiness, impertinent construction, stuffs and internal safety.Significance OF STUDYThis research intends to turn to and make full in some of the spreads that approaches to security of lives and belongingss in developing a agency of safeguarding residents and edifices particularly the causes of terrorist onslaught and demo how to keep effectual security policies.Protecting the residents and contents of a edifice from the consequences in the consequences of a natural or human assault, the concluding end of physical security design is to minimise prostitute to a edifice and its systems so recuperation may be p ossible. This is, of class, a challenge undertaking because the effects of temblors, windstorms, inundations, and detonations are hard to foretell.Joseph.A, ( 2003 ) believed that the exposures of an bing edifice can be evaluated against a menace outline for the construction. Methods for retrofitting the edifice to turn to these exposures are so examined. Technology has provided many stuffs and techniques that make it possible, though non ever economical, to protect bing edifices against utmost duress such as bomb harm.MethodologyThe survey adopted a study research techniques, and is back up by Marshall and Rossman ( 1989 ) that aggregation of informations and analysis in a qualitative research is a coincident procedure. Random laborious method was adopted for choosing the sample size utilizing a well-structured questionnaire, which was self-administered to the respondents. The unessential informations were sought through a careful hunt of different stuffs. The major beginning of information was obtained through literature study of books, studies of dailies and periodicals, authorities publications, collection documents and seminar studies among other. Descriptive analysis was employed to dissect the information gathered which was presented in a narrative. The rationalist position besides cognise as the scientific method is based on dependable and nonsubjective informations, measurable experiments, trials, every bit good as statistical processs. It derives its strength from the impression that check apprehension of human experience can be gained through experiments and observations, positivist position to rating draws fundamentally on the method-based surmise and focal points on developing methodological model for verifying the internal force ( causality ) and external cogency ( generalisation ) of programmes, rating research is focused on the coevals of hypothesis, aggregation of quantitative informations, and utilizing the information to prove hy pothesis and besides uprise theory as it is done in scientific experiments.The chief instruments of informations aggregation were interviews, focal point group give-and-takes, questionnaires, reappraisals, observations. Relevant secondary informations, and the rationalist orientation for the research. Most significantly hypotheses are developed through the treatment of the conceptual theoretical account and constructivist attack.1

Broken Windows Theory

What Impact has the disturbed- windowpanes Theory had on Policing? What about the Future? 02/18/2010 Question answer pg. 118 scurvy-windows possible action is the thought that when low levels of criminal offence and inconvenience and deviance argon non held in check, be beat much full law-breaking is potential to ensue (Roberg, Novak, Cordner pg. 102). It was a guess proposed by J. Q. Wilson and Kelling in 1982. The dispirited-windows surmisal has had an effect on policing in the past, and pull up s transports neverthelessterfly a role in how policing is done in the future. First lets search at how the conf apply-windows supposition has violationed policing in the past.Broken-windows surmisal suggested a way of thinking in the connection. Citizens matt-up safer when practice of law de elementments conducted much bum patrols in the neighborhood, and felt the natural law were more awargon of the annoyance that occurred. As sequence progressed into the adap tation of the motorized patrol, more or less people felt that the jurisprudence had lost touch with the familiarity and were non aw ar of the sm only infralying issues of the bigger de establishations that occurred (pg. 66). by means of the guess of humble-windows, a energy- valuation account style of policing was developed.Some jurisprudence de air divisionments, such as New York, implemented the zero tolerance style and claimed that it lowered their criminal offense pass judgment in the mid 1990s (pg. 103). The law of nature became more arrest oriented and foc employ on a more aggressive come on to criminal offense control. They would profit their traffic citations, arrests, and increase their contacts with citizens. However, one of the issues with the zero tolerance style of policing is that it can puddle few indefensible harm to citizens. By being to aggressive, it tips officers to become more suspicious of some people even though they may not deserve it, an d can to track down to false arrests or abuse (pg. 04). In conclusion, the tough-windows guess has created the zero tolerance style of policing, and has lead some citizens to believe that the natural law atomic number 18 not in touch with their neighborhood receivable to the lack of foot patrol. As cities continue to grow and expand, most police departments get out not see the resources to devote some offices to foot patrol, while having some other(a)s in vehicles to respond to other c every(prenominal)s for service in other aras. Therefore under the dispirited-windows hypothesis, departments will keep up to address the issue of the federation not feeling safe without foot patrols.Also, judgment that if small(a) iniquity is not addressed, the potential for large aversion may follow this will lead departments to find new strategies to address these issues. Departments will look to work with the connection ( biotic conjunction policing) in an effort to go do wn the issues without delay (zero tolerance). Broken-windows theory has affected the way police departments operate since it was developed, and only by dint of new and imaginative strategies can it be correctly implemented. Reference Roberg, R. , Novak, K. , & Cordner, G. (2009). practice of law & complaisant club. Oxford, New York Oxford University Press.Broken Windows TheoryThe notion that respectable de quization is stemmed from modest ailments and guardianship of wickedness was a well-developed hypothesis in the 1980s by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006). Wilson and Kelling (1982) had coined this theory as tough windows. Broken windows theory states that unsoundness in a ordination causes the residents of the monastic effect to develop consternation (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2008). The authors go on to state that headache is the fueling source bunghole neglectful behavior, which resulted in higher rates of sombre detestations (2008).The main imagination of this theory illustrated that if police were to mark and eliminate peanut trouble oneselfs through friendship policing, it would keep back an overall electrical shock on the reduction of offense rates (Gau & Pratt, 2008). Broken windows theory was not accept by all, in fact it sparked a undischarged deal of controversy (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). The opposing views of worried windows theory argued that it was too weak because of the lack on that pointof experimental evidence proving the correlation amongst writ of execution of bewildered windows policing methods and decrease in horror (Harcourt, 1998).The purpose of this under outcome was to compargon and contrast the deuce different perspectives on the humbled windows theory. This paper shall also conclude whether the miserable windows theory can be successfully used deep down a community policing model. In my scene the crushed windows theory had enough substantial home presented that it w as successfully used inwardly community policing. To begin, fit in to Clyde Cronkhite (2004) the theory was true. Cronkhite connects dis frame and curse as part of a developmental sequence (2008, p. 46). The main c at one successionpt that Kelling and Wilson tell, was that if small youngster incommodes such as littering, humankind drinking, graffiti etc. were tolerated in a smart set than it would spiral out creating more austere crimes (Cronkhite, 2004). Cronkhite (2004) gave abstract thought stinker their theory stating that heartbreaking crimes stem from criminals assume that one conviction there was affable acceptance of nonaged over receivable behaviors, the community became vulnerable and were less potential to act against such behaviors. Broken windows entails a emergence whereby unchecked visible ailment signals to residents that community lacks favorable control. This assumption is that the law-abiding citizens and the criminal alike be attuned to th is signal (Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 164). Gau and Pratt (2008) gave an explanation as to wherefore criminals angle to flood the thorough distantes when nonaged complaints ar present in society. The authors reasoned that it is because the general universe sought cherish or safety off of the channels which in run allowed criminals to occupy the area (Wilson & Kelling, as cited in Gau & Pratt, 2008).From individualised experience in third year of University I at lamed a midnight street walk of business district Toronto, which allowed me to mint on the same conclusions as Gua and Pratt. During the street walk it was clean-cut that certain geographical areas provided an wall socket for further crime to exist base on brotherly consciousnesss, such as Regent Park. Also, frame on physical evidence that remained on George St in front of Seaton House needles on the floor, graffiti on the walls and empty alcohol bottles not only reason out that this area was a favorable envi ronment for crime, only that indeed some form of illegal acts had occurred.Furthermore, Gua and Pratt (2010) discussed how the perceptions of unhealthiness in a community instilled forethought into its members and how fear created kind disengagement from the community. The upturned windows perspective depict the cognitive thought behind what individuals viewed as deflects (Cronkhite, 2004). In other words, disorder was always in the core of the beholder, which in this case was the community. The way the community see the delinquent behavior for example littering, determined whether the community was going to reject or accept it into their kindly values.Based on the communitys decision we moldiness(prenominal) consider an outsiders perspective on such behavior as well. James McCabe (2008) goes on to talk about how it was not the physical vista of the act (litter in itself) but rather the symbol it created that lead to increase in crime. McCabe also give tongue to that i f individuals saw littering as a threat to companionable order, this threat would no longer be unnoted or considered unimportant, instead littering would be viewed as a key catalyst to a chain of careless behavior (2008).Fear was a result of the derelict behavior, fear also generated attachment to the visible characteristics of delinquency, stand bying outsiders generalise a negative stigma about a community (J. Irwin, individual(prenominal) communication, Oct 3rd, 2012). Tepperman and Curtis (2011), provided an explanation as to wherefore crime occurs base on the kindly functionalist attempt coined by Emile Durkheim in order to make up a well-functioning society it requires values, cohesion and social control (p. 19).This theory was ground on the principal that social problems are socially created (Tepperman and Curtis, 2011), the social functionalist appeal supported the victor work on the distressed windows theory, which stated that minor disorders are classified a nd looked at install on individual perception (source). Structural functionalist lift launch that problems in a society originate from the note of others consequences (Tepperman and Curtis, 2011). In this particular case the consequences of the minor delinquent acts created wideer chaos.To combat the growth in crime rates in any geographical area, miserable windows philosophy entails addressing the minor problems in a community before they create conditions that welcome and/or endure more well(p) offences (McCabe, 2008, p. 291). McCabe (2008) also theorized that if you were to control the disorder you could so control the crime. The outcome this theory had on police response was that it created the order tending policing outline (Cronkhite, 2004). This was the gateway introduction to community establish policing.Broken windows theory demanded that there be community involvement (McCabe, 2008). The supreme correlation amid community policing and reduction of crime rates , was not necessarily in the affects the police bring on the disorder itself, but rather the understanding of order being restored into the community through pass on approach (Sampson & Raudenbush, 2004). When the community saw diligent policing, and a restored sense of community, people began to feel safer within society and were more inclined to facilitate with community restoration initiatives (McCabe, 2008).The order support strategy operated based on a community policing model, which is known as The Ontario Association of Chief of Police (OACP) Model (G. Hanna, individual(prenominal) communication, Sept 26th 2012). Wilson and Kellings theory was based on the social science experiment of Phillip Zimbardo, who had canvass the snowballing effect on malicious mischief at the Stanford University Campus lay lot New York City in 1969, once a vacant car was left ignored to (McCabe, 2008).Kelling and Wilson (1982), indicated that disorder and crime chip in a potent overco nfident correlation based on the yielded results from Zimbardos experiment. The first to implement the order criminal criminal maintenance approach was the New York Transit Authority (NYTA) (Corman & Mocan, 2005). The NYTA tackled the Subway hooliganism problem head on, they eliminated graffiti, and arrested those who tried to cheat the vacuum tube farthere system (Corman & Mocan, 2005). Bratton the main leader in organizing the initiative, stated that the theory was accurate (Corman & Mocan, 2005). Bratton went on to inform that there was a dramatic drop in rime rates committed in the thermionic valves succeeding(a) this approach, olibanum backing up the grim windows theory (date). After realizing the positive results of aggressive order maintenance strategy, the broken windows theory was because(prenominal) put to the test by the NYPD (Corman & Mocan, 2005). The NYPD were also only reaping the benefits from this decision. Deploying this strategy had an encounter on th e offenders belief that the put on the line of apprehension was high, thusly the NYPD sent a urinate message to the community that law and order concur over petty and serious crimes (Sampson & Cohen, 1988).Immediately after the executing of order maintenance, NYPD saw significantly decreasing poem in serious crimes such as homicide, looting and rape (Corman & Mocan, 2005), the city ended up ambit its all-time low. Kelling in his later work wrote, some(prenominal) experience and substantial formal research show that disorder left untended ultimately leads to serious crime Fighting disorder, by solving the problems that cause it, is clearly one the best ways to bit serious crime, reduce fear, and give citizens what they actually urgency from the police force. Kelling 1999, p. 29 as cited in Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 167). Another Dutch researchers conducted an experiment that revealed how visible social disorder increased an individuals temptation to indulge in delinquent ins idengs (Kaplan, 2008). A Dutch researcher, Keizer tested this theory by placing an windbag containing a 5 euro-note hanging from a postbox when the postbox was clean, 13 percent of passers-by stole the gasbag. When the letter box was surrounded by trash, the percentage jumped to 25 percent, and and so 27 percent when it was covered by graffiti. (Kaplan, 2008, p. 1). It was transparent that the presence of litter (minor disorder) increased the rate of crime double fold. This Netherland experiment bolstered the broken windows theory (Kaplan, 2008). On the contrary, these results fueled the debate of whether the broken windows theory was the thrust force behind crime reduction in the area. While researchers tried to determine the root causes to a particular crime, the macro-social approach shed light on crime originating from poverty, unemployment, racism, class conflict, etc. (McCabe, 2008, p. 92) Kennedy and Moore (1995) believed that the police did not have direct extend to on these crime causing issues, and so no direct impact on crime. Harcourt was the main author to challenge the broken windows theory. He scrutinized the theory as well as the data gathered by author Skogan, statingthat although there were several measures of serious crime (assault, sexual assault, and burglary) addressable in Skogans research, he only tell the findings on crime correlated to robbery (Harcourt, 1998). This make Skogans work discreditable and biased.Another reason wherefore broken windows was said to be invalid is due to peoples perceptions on the alliance between crime and disorder whether or not they are separate entities (Corman & Mocan, 2005). If disorder and crime seem to be different in the philias of neighborhood residents, then order maintenance policing may have a fight downing chance at crime reduction. If however, the 2 phenomena merge into one in the minds of those residents, then broken windows theory and its accompanying order maintenance policin g strategies will need to be rethought. (Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 170). Furthermore, the main fantasy of broken windows theory was attacked. The idea that if disorder is not found frightening, citizens remain on the streets, consequently streets are not being opened to criminals, thus criminal conduct would not take place (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006). Interestingly, the studies conducted against the theory have not given much attention to the kinship between disorder and fear, which was surprising given its splendor in the model. (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006).Studies based on broken windows are too inconsistent to be able to delineate a definite line as to whether or not the theory was accurate and the possibility of integrating into community policing. Researchers have stated that there are statistically better predictions of crime such as community stability and collective efficacy of the neighborhood, therefore police should not focus their time into mend the broken windows theory b ut rather give their time to other predictors (Weisburd & Braga, 2007).Consequently, if police were to dedicate their time on the other factors rather than on minor disorders there would be less objectivity in regards to police involvement (Weisburd & Braga, 2007). The authors point out that although all individuals would be in favour of collective efficacy, it was voiceless to address and improve upon (2007). Making it easier said than done. These other statistical predictors of crime were rational and helpful in regards determining all possible causes of crime, but they were far too ambiguous of concepts to be solved through practice (Weisburd & Braga, 2007).Thus broken windows theory was a virtual(a) option, it was applicable to any community and it was able to be implemented quickly. According to the OACP Model order maintenance policing would be considered as part of the community mobilisation and crime prevention sector. This sector allows the police to take charge and im pact minor disorders preventing future crime while encouraging community members to get involved, thus transitioning toward safer communities and to the ultimate goal of low need for police assistance (G. Hanna, own(prenominal) communication, Sept 11th, 2012).In conclusion, the macro-social approaches, lack therefore semiempirical evidence, relationship between fear and disorder as well as perceptions on social disorders were the critiques make against the broken windows theory. Despite these critiques, the theory prove to be true through real vivification application. Therefore I draw to the conclusion that it was and continues to be successfully incorporated into the current policing model. If police run in Ontario dedicate more time to rank the social disorders visible in our communities, they will help build positive relations in the community.By restoring order in our communities we are another step walking(prenominal) to eradicating serious crimes (Wilson & Kelling, 19 82). References Corman, H. , & Mocan, N. (2005, April). Carrots, sticks, and broken windows. ledger of Law and Economics, 48(1), 235-266. inside10. 1086/425594 Cronkhite, C. (2004, March 1). Illusions of order The false promise of broken windows policing (Book). Criminal Justice Review (Georgia State University), 29(1), 245-248. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from http//web. ebscohost. com. subzero. lib. uoguelph. ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? id=50642dd3-c8cc-4a96-aa51-1baee6674c01%40sessionmgr114&vid=1&hid=107 Gau, J. M. , & Pratt, T. C. (2008, May 1). Broken windows or window dressing? Citizens (in)ability to tell the difference between disorder and crime. Criminology & Public Policy , 7(2), 163-194. doi10. 1111/j. 1745-9133. 2008. 00500. x Gau, J. M. , & Pratt, T. C. (2010, August). Revisiting broken windows theory Examining the sources of the discriminant validity of perceived disorder and crime. diary of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 758-766. Retrieved October 1, 2012, fromBroken Win dows TheoryThe notion that serious crime is stemmed from minor disorders and fear of crime was a well-developed hypothesis in the 1980s by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006). Wilson and Kelling (1982) had coined this theory as broken windows. Broken windows theory states that disorder in a society causes the residents of the society to develop fear (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2008). The authors go on to state that fear is the fueling source behind delinquent behavior, which resulted in higher rates of serious crimes (2008).The main concept of this theory illustrated that if police were to station and eliminate minor disorders through community policing, it would have an overall impact on the reduction of crime rates (Gau & Pratt, 2008). Broken windows theory was not recognised by all, in fact it sparked a great deal of controversy (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). The opposing views of broken windows theory argued that it was too weak because of the lack therefrom empiri cal evidence proving the correlation between implementation of broken windows policing methods and decrease in crime (Harcourt, 1998).The purpose of this attempt was to compare and contrast the two different perspectives on the broken windows theory. This paper shall also conclude whether the broken windows theory can be successfully used within a community policing model. In my scene the broken windows theory had enough substantial tooshie presented that it was successfully used within community policing. To begin, concord to Clyde Cronkhite (2004) the theory was true. Cronkhite connects disorder and crime as part of a developmental sequence (2008, p. 46). The main concept that Kelling and Wilson stated, was that if small minor disorders such as littering, public drinking, graffiti etc. were tolerated in a society than it would spiral out creating more serious crimes (Cronkhite, 2004). Cronkhite (2004) gave reason behind their theory stating that serious crimes stem from crimin als assuming that once there was social acceptance of minor delinquent behaviors, the community became vulnerable and were less likely to act against such behaviors. Broken windows entails a operate whereby unchecked visible disorder signals to residents that community lacks social control. This assumption is that the law-abiding citizens and the criminal alike are attuned to this signal (Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 164). Gau and Pratt (2008) gave an explanation as to why criminals tend to flood the streets when minor disorders are present in society. The authors reasoned that it is because the general public sought tribute or safety off of the streets which in spin allowed criminals to occupy the area (Wilson & Kelling, as cited in Gau & Pratt, 2008).From personal experience in third year of University I attended a midnight street walk of downtown Toronto, which allowed me to draw on the same conclusions as Gua and Pratt. During the street walk it was clear that certain geographical areas provided an tone ending for further crime to exist based on social senses, such as Regent Park. Also, based on physical evidence that remained on George St in front of Seaton House needles on the floor, graffiti on the walls and empty alcohol bottles not only conclude that this area was a favorable environment for crime, but that indeed some form of illegal acts had occurred.Furthermore, Gua and Pratt (2010) discussed how the perceptions of disorder in a community instilled fear into its members and how fear created social disengagement from the community. The broken windows perspective sketch the cognitive thought behind what individuals viewed as disorders (Cronkhite, 2004). In other words, disorder was always in the eye of the beholder, which in this case was the community. The way the community interpreted the delinquent behavior for example littering, determined whether the community was going to reject or accept it into their social values.Based on the communitys dec ision we must consider an outsiders perspective on such behavior as well. James McCabe (2008) goes on to talk about how it was not the physical shot of the act (litter in itself) but rather the symbolic representation it created that lead to increase in crime. McCabe also stated that if individuals saw littering as a threat to social order, this threat would no longer be miss or considered unimportant, instead littering would be viewed as a key catalyst to a chain of negligent behavior (2008).Fear was a result of the negligent behavior, fear also generated attachment to the visible characteristics of delinquency, helping outsiders fare a negative stigma about a community (J. Irwin, personal communication, Oct 3rd, 2012). Tepperman and Curtis (2011), provided an explanation as to why crime occurs based on the social functionalist approach coined by Emile Durkheim in order to have a well-functioning society it requires values, cohesion and social control (p. 19).This theory was ba sed on the principal that social problems are socially created (Tepperman and Curtis, 2011), the social functionalist approach supported the professional work on the broken windows theory, which stated that minor disorders are classified and looked at based on individual perception (source). Structural functionalist approach open that problems in a society originate from the notice of others consequences (Tepperman and Curtis, 2011). In this particular case the consequences of the minor delinquent acts created greater chaos.To combat the growth in crime rates in any geographical area, broken windows philosophy entails addressing the minor problems in a community before they create conditions that welcome and/or stand more serious offences (McCabe, 2008, p. 291). McCabe (2008) also theorized that if you were to control the disorder you could then control the crime. The outcome this theory had on police response was that it created the order maintenance policing strategy (Cronkhite , 2004). This was the gateway introduction to community based policing.Broken windows theory demanded that there be community involvement (McCabe, 2008). The positive correlation between community policing and reduction of crime rates, was not necessarily in the affects the police have on the disorder itself, but rather the sense of order being restored into the community through work force on approach (Sampson & Raudenbush, 2004). When the community saw spry policing, and a restored sense of community, people began to feel safer within society and were more inclined to help with community restoration initiatives (McCabe, 2008).The order maintenance strategy operated based on a community policing model, which is known as The Ontario Association of Chief of Police (OACP) Model (G. Hanna, personal communication, Sept 26th 2012). Wilson and Kellings theory was based on the social science experiment of Phillip Zimbardo, who had canvass the snowballing effect on vandalism at the Stanf ord University Campus position lot New York City in 1969, once a vacant car was left ignored to (McCabe, 2008).Kelling and Wilson (1982), indicated that disorder and crime have a conceptive positive correlation based on the yielded results from Zimbardos experiment. The first to implement the order maintenance approach was the New York Transit Authority (NYTA) (Corman & Mocan, 2005). The NYTA tackled the Subway vandalism problem head on, they eliminated graffiti, and arrested those who tried to cheat the subway fare system (Corman & Mocan, 2005). Bratton the main leader in organizing the initiative, stated that the theory was accurate (Corman & Mocan, 2005). Bratton went on to rationalize that there was a dramatic drop in rime rates committed in the subways side by side(p) this approach, thus backing up the broken windows theory (date). After realizing the positive results of aggressive order maintenance strategy, the broken windows theory was then put to the test by the NYPD ( Corman & Mocan, 2005). The NYPD were also only reaping the benefits from this decision. Deploying this strategy had an impact on the offenders belief that the put on the line of apprehension was high, thus the NYPD sent a clear message to the community that law and order withstand over petty and serious crimes (Sampson & Cohen, 1988).Immediately after the implementation of order maintenance, NYPD saw significantly decreasing song in serious crimes such as homicide, robbery and rape (Corman & Mocan, 2005), the city ended up reaching its all-time low. Kelling in his later work wrote, twain experience and substantial formal research demonstrate that disorder left untended ultimately leads to serious crime Fighting disorder, by solving the problems that cause it, is clearly one the best ways to fight serious crime, reduce fear, and give citizens what they actually loss from the police force. Kelling 1999, p. 29 as cited in Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 167). Another Dutch researchers cond ucted an experiment that revealed how visible social disorder increased an individuals temptation to indulge in delinquent behaviour (Kaplan, 2008). A Dutch researcher, Keizer tested this theory by placing an envelope containing a 5 euro-note hanging from a call box when the mailbox was clean, 13 percent of passers-by stole the envelope. When the mailbox was surrounded by trash, the percentage jumped to 25 percent, and then 27 percent when it was covered by graffiti. (Kaplan, 2008, p. 1). It was translucent that the presence of litter (minor disorder) increased the rate of crime double fold. This Netherland experiment bolstered the broken windows theory (Kaplan, 2008). On the contrary, these results fueled the debate of whether the broken windows theory was the control force behind crime reduction in the area. While researchers tried to determine the root causes to a particular crime, the macro-social approach shed light on crime originating from poverty, unemployment, racism, cl ass conflict, etc. (McCabe, 2008, p. 92) Kennedy and Moore (1995) believed that the police did not have direct impact on these crime causing issues, therefore no direct impact on crime. Harcourt was the main author to challenge the broken windows theory. He scrutinized the theory as well as the data gathered by author Skogan, statingthat although there were several measures of serious crime (assault, sexual assault, and burglary) useable in Skogans research, he only expose the findings on crime correlated to robbery (Harcourt, 1998). This made Skogans work discreditable and biased.Another reason why broken windows was said to be invalid is due to peoples perceptions on the relationship between crime and disorder whether or not they are separate entities (Corman & Mocan, 2005). If disorder and crime seem to be different in the eyes of neighborhood residents, then order maintenance policing may have a fighting chance at crime reduction. If however, the two phenomena merge into one i n the minds of those residents, then broken windows theory and its accompanying order maintenance policing strategies will need to be rethought. (Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 170). Furthermore, the main concept of broken windows theory was attacked. The idea that if disorder is not found frightening, citizens remain on the streets, therefore streets are not being opened to criminals, thus criminal behaviour would not take place (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006). Interestingly, the studies conducted against the theory have not given much attention to the relationship between disorder and fear, which was surprising given its richness in the model. (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006).Studies based on broken windows are too inconsistent to be able to draw a definite line as to whether or not the theory was accurate and the possibility of integration into community policing. Researchers have stated that there are statistically better predictions of crime such as community stability and collective efficacy of th e neighborhood, therefore police should not focus their time into reparation the broken windows theory but rather dedicate their time to other predictors (Weisburd & Braga, 2007).Consequently, if police were to dedicate their time on the other factors rather than on minor disorders there would be less objectivity in regards to police involvement (Weisburd & Braga, 2007). The authors point out that although all individuals would be in favour of collective efficacy, it was labored to address and improve upon (2007). Making it easier said than done. These other statistical predictors of crime were rational and helpful in regards determining all possible causes of crime, but they were far too ambiguous of concepts to be solved through practice (Weisburd & Braga, 2007).Thus broken windows theory was a applicative option, it was applicable to any community and it was able to be implemented quickly. According to the OACP Model order maintenance policing would be considered as part of th e community mobilization and crime prevention sector. This sector allows the police to take charge and impact minor disorders preventing future crime while encouraging community members to get involved, thus transitioning toward safer communities and to the ultimate goal of low need for police assistance (G. Hanna, personal communication, Sept 11th, 2012).In conclusion, the macro-social approaches, lack thereof empirical evidence, relationship between fear and disorder as well as perceptions on social disorders were the critiques made against the broken windows theory. Despite these critiques, the theory proven to be true through real living application. Therefore I draw to the conclusion that it was and continues to be successfully incorporated into the current policing model. If police operate in Ontario dedicate more time to seat the social disorders visible in our communities, they will help build positive relations in the community.By restoring order in our communities we a re another step close to eradicating serious crimes (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). References Corman, H. , & Mocan, N. (2005, April). Carrots, sticks, and broken windows. Journal of Law and Economics, 48(1), 235-266. doi10. 1086/425594 Cronkhite, C. (2004, March 1). Illusions of order The false promise of broken windows policing (Book). Criminal Justice Review (Georgia State University), 29(1), 245-248. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from http//web. ebscohost. com. subzero. lib. uoguelph. ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? id=50642dd3-c8cc-4a96-aa51-1baee6674c01%40sessionmgr114&vid=1&hid=107 Gau, J. M. , & Pratt, T. C. (2008, May 1). Broken windows or window dressing? Citizens (in)ability to tell the difference between disorder and crime. Criminology & Public Policy , 7(2), 163-194. doi10. 1111/j. 1745-9133. 2008. 00500. x Gau, J. M. , & Pratt, T. C. (2010, August). Revisiting broken windows theory Examining the sources of the discriminant validity of perceived disorder and crime. Journal of Cri minal Justice, 38(4), 758-766. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from